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(assembled company)

  • 1 ♦ company

    ♦ company /ˈkʌmpənɪ/
    A n.
    1 (fin.) compagnia; società (di capitali); azienda; impresa: insurance company, compagnia di assicurazioni; airline company, compagnia aerea; record company, casa discografica; public company, società per azioni ( il pubblico sottoscrive le azioni; non c'è limite al numero dei soci); private company (o private limited company) società a responsabilità limitata ( da 2 a 50 soci; le azioni non possono essere offerte al pubblico); società a conduzione familiare; subsidiary company, società controllata; railway company, società ferroviaria; multinational companies, società multinazionali; a mining company, una società mineraria; a removal company, una ditta di traslochi NOTA D'USO: - society o company?-
    2 [u] compagnia: to keep sb. company, fare compagnia a q.; I need some company, ho bisogno di compagnia; mixed company, (gruppo misto di) uomini e donne; in mixed company, in presenza di signore; I always enjoy his company, mi fa sempre piacere la sua compagnia; I'll go with you for company, verrò con te per farti compagnia; to be good [poor] company, essere [non essere] di compagnia; essere un compagno piacevole [noioso]; in the company of, in compagnia di; in company with sb. (o in sb. 's company) in compagnia di q.
    3 (mil.) compagnia
    4 (teatr.) compagnia: ballet company, compagnia di ballo; theatre company, compagnia teatrale (o drammatica); touring company, compagnia di giro; repertory company, compagnia di repertorio
    5 gruppo; comitiva; persone (pl.); compagnia; gente: I don't like the company he keeps, non mi piace la gente che frequenta; the assembled company, le persone riunite
    6 ospiti (pl.): We are expecting company for lunch, aspettiamo ospiti a pranzo
    8 (fam. USA) the Company, la CIA
    B a. attr.
    (fin., leg.) societario; sociale; aziendale; dell'azienda: company accounts, conti societari; company name, ragione sociale; company law, legge sulle società; diritto societario (o delle società); company deeds, atti societari; company car, auto aziendale; company management, gestione aziendale; company climate, clima aziendale; company policy, politica aziendale
    ● (fin.) company director, amministratore di una società □ company doctor, (org. az.) medico aziendale; (fin.) risanatore di aziende in difficoltà □ company headquarters, (mil.) comando di compagnia; (org. az.) sede centrale; sede direzionale □ (fisc.) company income tax, imposta sul reddito della società per azioni □ company lawyer, avvocato aziendale; legale di una società; ( anche) esperto di diritto societario □ company limited by shares (o limited company), società per azioni □ company loyalty, attaccamento all'azienda; fedeltà all'azienda □ company man, dipendente che antepone la sua società a ogni altra cosa □ (fam. USA) Company man, uomo (o funzionario) della C.I.A. □ company officer, (org. az.) funzionario di una società; (mil.) comandante di una compagnia □ (fin.) company promoter, socio fondatore □ (rag.) company report, relazione di bilancio ( di una società) □ (fin.) company secretary, segretario di una società per azioni □ (mil.) company sergeant major, maresciallo capo □ (fisc.) company tax, imposta sulle società □ company town, città i cui abitanti sono quasi tutti dipendenti di un'unica azienda □ company union, sindacato d'impresa □ ( sindacalismo) company-wide bargaining, contrattazione a livello aziendale □ (fin.) company's assets, attivo sociale □ (fin.) company's capital, capitale sociale □ (fin.) company's liabilities, passivo sociale □ (fam.) and company, e compagni; e compagnia bella □ to enjoy one's own company, stare bene da solo □ to get into bad company, mettersi a frequentare cattive compagnie; fare cattive amicizie □ in company, in compagnia; in pubblico: to swear in company, bestemmiare in pubblico □ in company with, insieme con □ (scherz.) to be in good company, essere in buona compagnia □ to keep company with, frequentare □ to keep bad company, frequentare cattive compagnie □ (fin.) listed company, società quotata in borsa □ to part company ( with), separarsi (da); (fig.) non essere d'accordo, non intendersi (con); (scherz., di parte di oggetto) staccarsi (da) □ to prefer one's own company, preferire starsene da solo □ present company excepted, esclusi i presenti □ (prov.) A man is known by the company he keeps, dimmi con chi vai e ti dirò chi sei □ (prov.) Two's company, three's a crowd, poca brigata, vita beata NOTA D'USO: - company o firm?-.
    NOTA D'USO: - the company is o the company are?-

    English-Italian dictionary > ♦ company

  • 2 company

    company [ˈkʌmpənɪ]
    1. noun
       a. compagnie f
    she keeps a cat, it's company for her elle a un chat, ça lui fait une compagnie
       b. ( = companions) fréquentation f
       c. ( = firm) entreprise f
       d. ( = group) compagnie f ; [of actors] troupe f
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ‼|/b] In the business sense the most common translation for [b]company is entreprise.
    * * *
    ['kʌmpənɪ] 1.
    1) Commerce, Law société f

    airline companycompagnie f aérienne

    2) Music, Theatre troupe f, compagnie f

    theatre companytroupe f de théâtre, compagnie f théâtrale

    3) Military compagnie f
    4) ( companionship) compagnie f

    in somebody's company ou in company with somebody — en compagnie de quelqu'un

    to part company with[person] hum se séparer de [person, bike]

    on political matters they part company — en ce qui concerne la politique, ils divergent complètement

    5) ( visitors) visiteurs mpl
    6) ( society)
    8) ( gathering) compagnie f
    9) Nautical équipage m
    2.
    noun modifier gen [ law, profits, records] des sociétés; ( of one business) [ accountant, headquarters] de la société

    English-French dictionary > company

  • 3 company

    A n
    1 Comm, Jur société f ; airline company compagnie f aérienne ;
    2 Mus, Theat troupe f, compagnie f ; theatre company troupe f de théâtre, compagnie f théâtrale ;
    3 Mil compagnie f ;
    4 ( companionship) compagnie f ; to keep sb company tenir compagnie à qn ; to enjoy sb's company apprécier la compagnie de qn ; to be good company être d'une compagnie agréable ; I have a cat for company j'ai un chat pour me tenir compagnie ; to be seen in sb's company ou in company with sb être vu en compagnie de qn ; to part company with [person] gen, hum se séparer de [person, bike, horse] ; on political matters they part company en ce qui concerne la politique, ils divergent complètement ; to keep bad company avoir de mauvaises fréquentations ;
    5 ( visitors) visiteurs mpl ; to have/expect company avoir/attendre du monde ;
    6 ( society) in company en société ; in mixed company quand les dames sont présentes ; to be fit company for sb être une fréquentation pour qn ; to keep company with sb fréquenter qn ; Lisa and company souvent péj Lisa et compagnie ;
    7 ( similar circumstances) to be in good company ne pas être le seul/la seule ; don't worry, you're in good company ne t'inquiète pas, tu n'es pas le seul ; Marie, in company with many others, complained Marie, ainsi que bien d'autres, s'est plainte ;
    8 ( gathering) compagnie f ; the assembled company l'assemblée ;
    9 Naut équipage m ;
    10 euph ( CIA) the Company la CIA.
    B modif ( of all businesses) [earnings, profits, records] des sociétés ; ( of a particular business) [accountant, car park, headquarters, newsletter] de la société.

    Big English-French dictionary > company

  • 4 company

    ['kʌmpənɪ] 1.
    1) comm. dir. compagnia f., società f.
    2) mus. teatr. compagnia f.
    3) mil. compagnia f.
    4) (companionship) compagnia f.

    to keep sb. company — tenere compagnia a qcn.

    in sb.'s company, in company with sb. — in compagnia di qcn.

    to part company withscherz. [ person] separarsi da [person, bike]

    on political matters they part company — per quanto riguarda la politica, sono del tutto discordi

    don't worry, you're in good company — fig. non prendertela, sei in buona compagnia

    5) (visitors) ospiti m.pl.

    and company — e compagni; spreg. e compagnia (bella)

    7) (gathering) compagnia f., comitiva f.
    8) mar. equipaggio m.
    2.
    modificatore [accountant, car park, headquarters] dell'azienda, della ditta
    * * *
    plural - companies; noun
    1) (a number of people joined together for a (commercial) purpose: a glass-manufacturing company.) compagnia, società
    2) (guests: I'm expecting company tonight.) ospiti
    3) (companionship: I was grateful for her company; She's always good company.) compagnia
    4) (a group of companions: He got into bad company.) compagnia
    5) (a large group of soldiers, especially part of an infantry battalion.) compagnia
    - keep someone company
    - keep company
    - part company with
    - part company
    * * *
    ['kʌmpənɪ] 1.
    1) comm. dir. compagnia f., società f.
    2) mus. teatr. compagnia f.
    3) mil. compagnia f.
    4) (companionship) compagnia f.

    to keep sb. company — tenere compagnia a qcn.

    in sb.'s company, in company with sb. — in compagnia di qcn.

    to part company withscherz. [ person] separarsi da [person, bike]

    on political matters they part company — per quanto riguarda la politica, sono del tutto discordi

    don't worry, you're in good company — fig. non prendertela, sei in buona compagnia

    5) (visitors) ospiti m.pl.

    and company — e compagni; spreg. e compagnia (bella)

    7) (gathering) compagnia f., comitiva f.
    8) mar. equipaggio m.
    2.
    modificatore [accountant, car park, headquarters] dell'azienda, della ditta

    English-Italian dictionary > company

  • 5 assembled

    English-Italian dictionary > assembled

  • 6 Assembled

    adj.
    P. and V. ἁθρόος.
    The assembled company: P. οἱ συνόντες (Dem.).
    Assembled in council, adj.: V. σνεδρος.

    Woodhouse English-Greek dictionary. A vocabulary of the Attic language > Assembled

  • 7 company

    noun
    1) (persons assembled, companionship) Gesellschaft, die

    expect/receive company — Besuch od. Gäste Pl. erwarten/empfangen

    two is company, three is a crowd — zu zweit ist es gemütlich, ein Dritter stört

    part company with somebody/something — sich von jemandem/etwas trennen

    2) (firm) Gesellschaft, die; Firma, die

    company car — Firmenwagen, der

    company policy — Unternehmenspolitik, die; Firmenpolitik, die

    3) (of actors) Truppe, die; Ensemble, das
    4) (Mil.) Kompanie, die
    5) (Navy)

    ship's company — Besatzung, die

    * * *
    plural - companies; noun
    1) (a number of people joined together for a (commercial) purpose: a glass-manufacturing company.) die Gesellschaft
    2) (guests: I'm expecting company tonight.) der Besuch
    3) (companionship: I was grateful for her company; She's always good company.) die Gesellschaft
    4) (a group of companions: He got into bad company.) die Gesellschaft
    5) (a large group of soldiers, especially part of an infantry battalion.) die Kompanie
    - keep someone company
    - keep company
    - part company with
    - part company
    * * *
    com·pa·ny
    [ˈkʌmpəni]
    I. n
    1. COMM Firma f, Unternehmen nt
    Adams and C\company Adams & Co.
    car \company Autofirma f
    Registrar of Companies (official) Registerbevollmächtigter m; (list)
    register of companies [or companies' register] Firmenregister m, Handelsregister nt SCHWEIZ
    close \company Personengesellschaft f
    shipping \company Reederei f
    to set up a \company eine Firma gründen
    2. no pl (companionship) Gesellschaft f
    she bought two dogs for \company sie kaufte sich zwei Hunde, um Gesellschaft zu haben
    dull/poor \company langweilige/wenig unterhaltsame Gesellschaft
    good/interesting \company angenehme/interessante Gesellschaft
    present \company excepted die Anwesenden ausgenommen
    to be in \company in Gesellschaft sein
    to be in good \company sich akk in guter Gesellschaft befinden
    to enjoy one's own \company ( iron) gern allein [o für sich akk] sein
    to keep sb \company jdm Gesellschaft leisten
    to keep \company [with sb] mit jdm Umgang haben [o verkehren]
    he's been keeping bad \company er befindet sich in schlechter Gesellschaft
    in the \company of in Gesellschaft von, begleitet von
    I travelled in the \company of two friends ich reiste in Gesellschaft von zwei Freunden
    3. no pl (visitors) Besuch m kein pl, Gäste pl
    to expect/have \company Gäste erwarten/haben
    4. THEAT Schauspieltruppe f, Ensemble nt
    5. MIL Kompanie f
    6. BRIT, CAN
    [Girl] Guide \company Pfadfinderinnentruppe f
    7. BRIT (in the city of London) Gesellschaft f, Wohltätigkeitsorganisation f
    II. n modifier (director, earnings) Firmen-
    \company headquarters Firmensitz m
    \company policy Firmenpolitik f
    \company profits Gesellschaftsgewinne pl
    * * *
    ['kʌmpənI]
    1. n

    I enjoy companyich bin gern in Gesellschaft, ich habe gern Gesellschaft

    he's good companyseine Gesellschaft ist angenehm

    he came along just for (the) company —

    I/he in company with... — ich/er, genauso wie...

    a man is known by the company he keeps (prov)sage mir, mit wem du umgehst, so sage ich dir, wer du bist (prov)

    she has a cat, it's company for her — sie hält sich eine Katze, da hat sie (wenigstens) Gesellschaft

    you'll be in good company if... — wenn du..., bist du in guter Gesellschaft

    2) (= guests) Besuch m
    3) (COMM) Firma f, Gesellschaft f

    Smith __ Company, Smith __ Co. — Smith __ Co.

    a printing/clothes company — ein Druckerei-/Textilbetrieb m

    4) (THEAT) (Schauspiel)truppe f
    5) (NAUT)
    6) (MIL) Kompanie f
    2. attr
    Firmen-
    * * *
    company [ˈkʌmpənı; -pnı]
    A s
    1. Gesellschaft f:
    in company (with) in Gesellschaft oder Begleitung (gen oder von), zusammen (mit);
    be in good company sich in guter Gesellschaft befinden;
    I sin in good company ich befinde mich in guter Gesellschaft (wenn ich das tue);
    keep ( oder bear) sb company jemandem Gesellschaft leisten;
    cry for company mitweinen;
    a) sich von jemandem trennen,
    b) fig sich von jemandem lossagen,
    c) fig anderer Meinung sein als jemand (over, on in dat);
    he is good company es ist nett, mit ihm zusammen zu sein; er ist ein guter Gesellschafter;
    two is company, three is none ( oder three is a crowd) zu zweit ist es gemütlich, ein Dritter stört; academic.ru/8795/break">break1 B 4
    2. Gesellschaft f:
    a) viel in Gesellschaft gehen,
    b) oft Gäste haben;
    be fond of company die Geselligkeit lieben;
    be on one’s company manners seine besten Manieren zur Schau tragen
    3. Gesellschaft f, Umgang m, Verkehr m:
    keep good company guten Umgang pflegen;
    keep company with verkehren oder Umgang haben mit
    4. Besuch m, Gast m oder Gäste pl:
    have company for tea Gäste zum Tee haben;
    present company excepted! Anwesende ausgenommen!
    5. WIRTSCH (Handels)Gesellschaft f, Firma f:
    company car Firmenwagen m;
    company law Gesellschaftsrecht n;
    company man US pej Radfahrer m;
    company name Firmenname m;
    company-owned firmeneigen;
    company pension Betriebsrente f;
    company pension plan betriebliche Altersversorgung;
    company physician Betriebsarzt m, -ärztin f;
    company store US firmeneigenes (Laden)Geschäft, Firmenladen;
    do sth on company time etwas (Privates) während der Arbeitszeit tun;
    company union bes US Betriebsgewerkschaft f
    6. WIRTSCH (in Firmennamen) Teilhaber m oder pl:
    Brown & Company (abk Co.) Brown und Kompanie oder Kompagnon (abk & Co.)
    7. umg meist pej Genossen pl, Kumpane pl, Konsorten pl
    8. (Theater) Truppe f
    9. MIL Kompanie f:
    company sergeant major Hauptfeldwebel m
    10. SCHIFF Mannschaft f, Besatzung f
    11. Anzahl f, Menge f
    12. HIST Zunft f, Innung f
    B v/i obs verkehren ( with mit)
    C v/t obs begleiten
    co. abk
    1. WIRTSCH company
    * * *
    noun
    1) (persons assembled, companionship) Gesellschaft, die

    expect/receive company — Besuch od. Gäste Pl. erwarten/empfangen

    two is company, three is a crowd — zu zweit ist es gemütlich, ein Dritter stört

    part company with somebody/something — sich von jemandem/etwas trennen

    2) (firm) Gesellschaft, die; Firma, die

    company car — Firmenwagen, der

    company policy — Unternehmenspolitik, die; Firmenpolitik, die

    3) (of actors) Truppe, die; Ensemble, das
    4) (Mil.) Kompanie, die

    ship's company — Besatzung, die

    * * *
    n.
    Begleitung f.
    Betrieb -e m.
    Firma Firmen f.
    Gesellschaft f.
    Kompanie -n f.
    Unternehmen n.

    English-german dictionary > company

  • 8 assemble

    1. transitive verb
    1) zusammentragen [Beweise, Material, Sammlung]; zusammenrufen [Personen]
    2) (fit together) zusammenbauen
    2. intransitive verb
    * * *
    [ə'sembl]
    1) ((of people) to come together: The crowd assembled in the hall.) sich versammeln
    2) (to call or bring together: He assembled his family and told them of his plan.) zusammenberufen
    3) (to put together (a machine etc): He assembled the model aeroplane.) zusammensetzen
    - academic.ru/3978/assembly">assembly
    * * *
    as·sem·ble
    [əˈsembl̩]
    I. vi sich akk versammeln
    II. vt
    1. (collect)
    to \assemble sth etw sammeln
    2. TECH
    to \assemble sth etw montieren [o zusammenbauen]
    to \assemble parts of a model plane Teile eines Modellflugzeugs zusammensetzen
    to \assemble people Menschen zusammenkommen lassen
    to \assemble troops Truppen zusammenziehen
    * * *
    [ə'sembl]
    1. vt
    zusammensetzen, zusammenbauen; car, machine etc also montieren; facts zusammentragen; Parliament einberufen, versammeln; people zusammenrufen; team zusammenstellen
    2. vi
    sich versammeln

    we are assembled here today to... — wir haben uns or sind heute versammelt, um...

    * * *
    assemble [əˈsembl]
    A v/t
    1. versammeln:
    a) zusammenbringen:
    be assembled versammelt sein;
    tell the assembled company that … den Versammelten mitteilen, dass …
    b) MIL bereitstellen, zusammenziehen
    2. eine Mannschaft etc, auch Daten etc zusammenstellen
    3. TECH montieren, zusammensetzen, -bauen
    4. IT assemblieren
    B v/i sich versammeln, zusammenkommen, PARL etc zusammentreten:
    right to assemble JUR Versammlungsrecht n
    * * *
    1. transitive verb
    1) zusammentragen [Beweise, Material, Sammlung]; zusammenrufen [Personen]
    2) (fit together) zusammenbauen
    2. intransitive verb
    * * *
    v.
    Maschinencode erzeugen ausdr.
    montieren v.
    sich versammeln v.
    versammeln v.
    zusammen fügen v.
    zusammen stellen v.
    zusammenbauen v.
    zusammensetzen (alt.Rechtschreibung) v.
    zusammenstellen (alt.Rechtschreibung) v.

    English-german dictionary > assemble

  • 9 troop

    1. noun
    1) in pl. Truppen

    our best troops — unsere besten Soldaten

    2) (of cavalry) Schwadron, die; (artillery and armour) Batterie, die
    3) (assembled company) Schar, die
    2. intransitive verb
    strömen; (in an orderly fashion) marschieren

    troop in/out — hinein-/hinausströmen

    * * *
    [tru:p] 1. noun
    1) (a group of ordinary soldiers.) die Truppe
    2) (a crowd or collection (of people or animals): A troop of visitors arrived.) die Schar
    2. verb
    (to go in a group: They all trooped into his office.) sich scharren
    - academic.ru/76764/trooper">trooper
    - troops
    * * *
    [tru:p]
    I. n
    1. (group) Truppe f; of animals Schar f; of soldiers Trupp m
    cavalry \troop Schwadron f
    a \troop of scouts eine Pfadfindergruppe
    \troops pl Truppen pl
    to withdraw \troops Truppen abziehen
    II. n modifier (movements, reduction, supplies, withdrawal) Truppen-
    III. vi
    to \troop somewhere [in Scharen] irgendwohin strömen; soldiers irgendwohin marschieren
    to \troop off abziehen fam
    the fans gave their team a loud cheer as they \trooped off the field die Fans spendeten ihrer Mannschaft lauten Beifall, als sie vom Feld abzog
    IV. vt BRIT
    to \troop the colour die Fahnenparade abhalten
    * * *
    [truːp]
    1. n
    1) (MIL of cavalry) Trupp m; (= unit) Schwadron f
    2) pl (MIL) Truppen pl
    3) (of Scouts) Stamm m
    4) (of people) Horde f (pej), Schar f
    2. vi

    to troop out/in — hinaus-/hineinströmen

    to troop past sthan etw (dat) vorbeiziehen

    3. vt (Brit MIL)

    to troop the colours —

    * * *
    troop [truːp]
    A s
    1. Schar f:
    a troop of children eine Kinderschar
    2. pl MIL Truppen pl
    3. MIL
    a) Schwadron f
    b) Batterie f
    4. US Zug m von Pfadfindern (16-32 Jungen)
    B v/i
    1. oft troop together ( oder up) sich scharen, sich sammeln
    2. troop with sich zusammentun mit
    3. (in Scharen) ziehen, (herein- etc) strömen, marschieren
    C v/t troop the colour Br die Fahnenparade abhalten (anlässlich des Geburtstages des Monarchen);
    trooping the colour Fahnenparade f
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) in pl. Truppen
    2) (of cavalry) Schwadron, die; (artillery and armour) Batterie, die
    3) (assembled company) Schar, die
    2. intransitive verb
    strömen; (in an orderly fashion) marschieren

    troop in/out — hinein-/hinausströmen

    * * *
    n.
    Schar nur sing. f.
    Trupp -s m.

    English-german dictionary > troop

  • 10 assemble

    A vtr
    1 ( gather) rassembler [data, ingredients, people] ;
    2 ( construct) assembler ; easy to assemble facile à monter.
    B vi [marchers, passengers, vehicles] se rassembler ; [parliament, team, family] se réunir.
    C assembled pp adj [reporters, delegates] rassemblé ; [family, friends] réuni ; the assembled company l'assistance.

    Big English-French dictionary > assemble

  • 11 a proper Charley

    разг.; пренебр.
    (a proper Charley (Charlie, charley или charlie))
    круглый, набитый дурак [первонач. кокни]

    He contradicted everything I said before the assembled company, and made me look a proper Charley. (ECI) — Он возражал против каждого моего замечания, так что в глазах всех я выглядел полным дураком.

    Large English-Russian phrasebook > a proper Charley

  • 12 modular data center

    1. модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
    -
    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.


    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > modular data center

  • 13 GA

    2) Американизм: General Authority, Geographic Address, Gift Aid
    3) Спорт: Goal Attack
    6) Сельское хозяйство: gastric analysis, gibberellic acid
    8) Метеорология: Google Answers
    9) Железнодорожный термин: CSX Transportation Incorporated
    10) Юридический термин: Gambling Act
    11) Страхование: general average
    12) Грубое выражение: Great Arsehole
    13) Сокращение: Gain (antenna gain), Gamblers Anonymous, General Adjutant, General Agent, Generic Algorithm, Genetic Algorithm, Genetically Altered, Geographical Association, Geologists Association, Georgia (US state), Government Actuary, Graphic Arts, Gun Assembly, Gypsum Association, Tabun (Ethyl-dimethylamido-phosphorcyanidate //Chemical warfare nerve agent), gas amplification, general assignment, graphic ammeter, Irish (Gaelic), gage (gauge), general anesthesia, Gabon (Internet country code), Gage, Galaxy Angel (anime series), Galeria E Arteve (National Art Gallery), Galvanizers Association (UK), Gambia, Game Arena (Australian gaming website), Gaming-Age (gaming website), Garage (real estate), Garuda Indonesia Airline - Indonesia (IATA airline code), Gary Allan (country music artist), Gas Analysis, Gate Array, Gay Asian, Geekarea (website), General Accident (British Insurance Company), General Admission, General Agreement, General Alarm, General Answer, General Arrangement (layout drawing as opposed to detail), General Assistance, General Auditor, General Authority (LDS Church), General Auxiliary, General Awareness, Generally Available, Genetic Anomalies, Inc., Geographic Atrophy (eye condition), Geographical Address, Geologic Age, Georgia (US postal abbreviation), Geoscience Australia, Germantown Academy, Gestational Age, Ghana Army, Gibberellic Acid (plant hormone), Giga Annum (Latin: Billion Years), Gilbert Arenas (basketball player), Gillian Anderson, Ginger Ale, Giorgio Armani (clothing brand), Girls Aloud (band), Girls in Action (Southern Baptist Convention organization for young girls), Glendale Arena (Arizona), Global Assessment, Global Atlas, Globus Alliance (HP, IBM, et al), Glutaraldehyde, Go Ahead (used in chat), Go Away, Goals Against, GoblinARMY (gaming), Good Afternoon, Google Analytics, Government Aided, Government Allotment, Graduate Advisor (live-in advisors to undergraduates), Graduate Assistant, Graduate Assistantship, Grand Admiral, Grand Alliance (advanced television), Granuloma Annulare (dermatology), Graphic Annunciator (fire alarm), GraphicAudio, Graphics & Administration, Graphics Adapter, Graphics Array, Gravity Assist (spacecraft trajectories), Great Adventure (theme park), Green Alliance (London, UK), Green Armour (Quake), Green Arrow (comics character), Grey's Anatomy (TV show), Gridiron Australia, Ground Antenna, Guano Apes (band), Guarantee Agency, Guardian Angel, Guest Advisor, Guichet Automatique, Gun-Assembled, Gund Arena (Cleveland)
    14) Физиология: General Appearance
    15) Вычислительная техника: General Availability (OS/2), Genetic Algorithm (s), general availability
    16) Нефть: Gas Association, gelling agents, галлонов кислоты (gallons of acid), число галлонов кислоты (gallons of acid)
    17) Генетика: Genome Analyzer
    18) Биохимия: Glyoxylic Acid
    19) Онкология: General Anaesthetic
    20) Фирменный знак: Gould Aerospace
    21) Деловая лексика: Group Assignment, Growth Accelerated
    22) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: government affairs
    23) Сетевые технологии: Group Address
    24) Сахалин А: general arrangement (drawing)
    26) Правительство: Great America
    27) Единицы измерений: Gazillion Annum, Giga Annum

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > GA

  • 14 Ga

    2) Американизм: General Authority, Geographic Address, Gift Aid
    3) Спорт: Goal Attack
    6) Сельское хозяйство: gastric analysis, gibberellic acid
    8) Метеорология: Google Answers
    9) Железнодорожный термин: CSX Transportation Incorporated
    10) Юридический термин: Gambling Act
    11) Страхование: general average
    12) Грубое выражение: Great Arsehole
    13) Сокращение: Gain (antenna gain), Gamblers Anonymous, General Adjutant, General Agent, Generic Algorithm, Genetic Algorithm, Genetically Altered, Geographical Association, Geologists Association, Georgia (US state), Government Actuary, Graphic Arts, Gun Assembly, Gypsum Association, Tabun (Ethyl-dimethylamido-phosphorcyanidate //Chemical warfare nerve agent), gas amplification, general assignment, graphic ammeter, Irish (Gaelic), gage (gauge), general anesthesia, Gabon (Internet country code), Gage, Galaxy Angel (anime series), Galeria E Arteve (National Art Gallery), Galvanizers Association (UK), Gambia, Game Arena (Australian gaming website), Gaming-Age (gaming website), Garage (real estate), Garuda Indonesia Airline - Indonesia (IATA airline code), Gary Allan (country music artist), Gas Analysis, Gate Array, Gay Asian, Geekarea (website), General Accident (British Insurance Company), General Admission, General Agreement, General Alarm, General Answer, General Arrangement (layout drawing as opposed to detail), General Assistance, General Auditor, General Authority (LDS Church), General Auxiliary, General Awareness, Generally Available, Genetic Anomalies, Inc., Geographic Atrophy (eye condition), Geographical Address, Geologic Age, Georgia (US postal abbreviation), Geoscience Australia, Germantown Academy, Gestational Age, Ghana Army, Gibberellic Acid (plant hormone), Giga Annum (Latin: Billion Years), Gilbert Arenas (basketball player), Gillian Anderson, Ginger Ale, Giorgio Armani (clothing brand), Girls Aloud (band), Girls in Action (Southern Baptist Convention organization for young girls), Glendale Arena (Arizona), Global Assessment, Global Atlas, Globus Alliance (HP, IBM, et al), Glutaraldehyde, Go Ahead (used in chat), Go Away, Goals Against, GoblinARMY (gaming), Good Afternoon, Google Analytics, Government Aided, Government Allotment, Graduate Advisor (live-in advisors to undergraduates), Graduate Assistant, Graduate Assistantship, Grand Admiral, Grand Alliance (advanced television), Granuloma Annulare (dermatology), Graphic Annunciator (fire alarm), GraphicAudio, Graphics & Administration, Graphics Adapter, Graphics Array, Gravity Assist (spacecraft trajectories), Great Adventure (theme park), Green Alliance (London, UK), Green Armour (Quake), Green Arrow (comics character), Grey's Anatomy (TV show), Gridiron Australia, Ground Antenna, Guano Apes (band), Guarantee Agency, Guardian Angel, Guest Advisor, Guichet Automatique, Gun-Assembled, Gund Arena (Cleveland)
    14) Физиология: General Appearance
    15) Вычислительная техника: General Availability (OS/2), Genetic Algorithm (s), general availability
    16) Нефть: Gas Association, gelling agents, галлонов кислоты (gallons of acid), число галлонов кислоты (gallons of acid)
    17) Генетика: Genome Analyzer
    18) Биохимия: Glyoxylic Acid
    19) Онкология: General Anaesthetic
    20) Фирменный знак: Gould Aerospace
    21) Деловая лексика: Group Assignment, Growth Accelerated
    22) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: government affairs
    23) Сетевые технологии: Group Address
    24) Сахалин А: general arrangement (drawing)
    26) Правительство: Great America
    27) Единицы измерений: Gazillion Annum, Giga Annum

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Ga

  • 15 ga

    2) Американизм: General Authority, Geographic Address, Gift Aid
    3) Спорт: Goal Attack
    6) Сельское хозяйство: gastric analysis, gibberellic acid
    8) Метеорология: Google Answers
    9) Железнодорожный термин: CSX Transportation Incorporated
    10) Юридический термин: Gambling Act
    11) Страхование: general average
    12) Грубое выражение: Great Arsehole
    13) Сокращение: Gain (antenna gain), Gamblers Anonymous, General Adjutant, General Agent, Generic Algorithm, Genetic Algorithm, Genetically Altered, Geographical Association, Geologists Association, Georgia (US state), Government Actuary, Graphic Arts, Gun Assembly, Gypsum Association, Tabun (Ethyl-dimethylamido-phosphorcyanidate //Chemical warfare nerve agent), gas amplification, general assignment, graphic ammeter, Irish (Gaelic), gage (gauge), general anesthesia, Gabon (Internet country code), Gage, Galaxy Angel (anime series), Galeria E Arteve (National Art Gallery), Galvanizers Association (UK), Gambia, Game Arena (Australian gaming website), Gaming-Age (gaming website), Garage (real estate), Garuda Indonesia Airline - Indonesia (IATA airline code), Gary Allan (country music artist), Gas Analysis, Gate Array, Gay Asian, Geekarea (website), General Accident (British Insurance Company), General Admission, General Agreement, General Alarm, General Answer, General Arrangement (layout drawing as opposed to detail), General Assistance, General Auditor, General Authority (LDS Church), General Auxiliary, General Awareness, Generally Available, Genetic Anomalies, Inc., Geographic Atrophy (eye condition), Geographical Address, Geologic Age, Georgia (US postal abbreviation), Geoscience Australia, Germantown Academy, Gestational Age, Ghana Army, Gibberellic Acid (plant hormone), Giga Annum (Latin: Billion Years), Gilbert Arenas (basketball player), Gillian Anderson, Ginger Ale, Giorgio Armani (clothing brand), Girls Aloud (band), Girls in Action (Southern Baptist Convention organization for young girls), Glendale Arena (Arizona), Global Assessment, Global Atlas, Globus Alliance (HP, IBM, et al), Glutaraldehyde, Go Ahead (used in chat), Go Away, Goals Against, GoblinARMY (gaming), Good Afternoon, Google Analytics, Government Aided, Government Allotment, Graduate Advisor (live-in advisors to undergraduates), Graduate Assistant, Graduate Assistantship, Grand Admiral, Grand Alliance (advanced television), Granuloma Annulare (dermatology), Graphic Annunciator (fire alarm), GraphicAudio, Graphics & Administration, Graphics Adapter, Graphics Array, Gravity Assist (spacecraft trajectories), Great Adventure (theme park), Green Alliance (London, UK), Green Armour (Quake), Green Arrow (comics character), Grey's Anatomy (TV show), Gridiron Australia, Ground Antenna, Guano Apes (band), Guarantee Agency, Guardian Angel, Guest Advisor, Guichet Automatique, Gun-Assembled, Gund Arena (Cleveland)
    14) Физиология: General Appearance
    15) Вычислительная техника: General Availability (OS/2), Genetic Algorithm (s), general availability
    16) Нефть: Gas Association, gelling agents, галлонов кислоты (gallons of acid), число галлонов кислоты (gallons of acid)
    17) Генетика: Genome Analyzer
    18) Биохимия: Glyoxylic Acid
    19) Онкология: General Anaesthetic
    20) Фирменный знак: Gould Aerospace
    21) Деловая лексика: Group Assignment, Growth Accelerated
    22) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: government affairs
    23) Сетевые технологии: Group Address
    24) Сахалин А: general arrangement (drawing)
    26) Правительство: Great America
    27) Единицы измерений: Gazillion Annum, Giga Annum

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > ga

  • 16 Crælius, Per Anton

    [br]
    b. 2 November 1854 Stockholm, Sweden
    d. 7 August 1905 Stockholm, Sweden
    [br]
    Swedish mining engineer, inventor of the core drilling technique for prospecting purposes.
    [br]
    Having completed his studies at the Technological Institute in Stockholm and the Mining School at Falun, Crælius was awarded a grant by the Swedish Jernkontoret and in 1879 he travelled to Germany, France and Belgium in order to study technological aspects of the mining, iron and steel industries. In the same year he went to the United States, where he worked with an iron works in Colorado and a mining company in Nevada. In 1884, having returned to Sweden, he obtained an appointment in the Norberg mines; two years later, he took up employment at the Ängelsberg oilmill.
    His mining experience had shown him the demand for a reliable, handy and cheap method of drilling, particularly for prospecting purposes. He had become acquainted with modern drilling methods in America, possibly including Albert Fauck's drilling jar. In 1886, Crælius designed his first small-diameter drill, which was assembled in one unit. Its rotating boring rod, smooth on the outside, was fixed inside a hollow mandrel which could be turned in any direction. This first drill was hand-driven, but the hydraulic version of it became the prototype for all near-surface prospecting drills in use worldwide in the late twentieth century.
    Between 1890 and 1900 Crælius was managing director of the Morgårdshammar mechanical workshops, where he was able to continue the development of his drilling apparatus. He successfully applied diesel engines in the 1890s, and in 1895 he added diamond crowns to the drill. The commercial exploitation of the invention was carried out by Svenska Diamantbergborrings AB, of which Crælius was a director from its establishment in 1886.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    G.Glockemeier, 1913, Diamantbohrungen für Schürf-und Aufschlußarbeiten über und unter Tage, Berlin (examines the technological aspects of Crælius's drilling method).
    A.Nachmanson and K.Sundberg, 1936, Svenska Diamantbergborrings Aktiebolaget 1886–1936, Uppsala (outlines extensively the merits of Crælius's invention).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Crælius, Per Anton

  • 17 Leonardo da Vinci

    [br]
    b. 15 April 1452 Vinci, near Florence, Italy,
    d. 2 May 1519 St Cloux, near Amboise, France.
    [br]
    Italian scientist, engineer, inventor and artist.
    [br]
    Leonardo was the illegitimate son of a Florentine lawyer. His first sixteen years were spent with the lawyer's family in the rural surroundings of Vinci, which aroused in him a lifelong love of nature and an insatiable curiosity in it. He received little formal education but extended his knowledge through private reading. That gave him only a smattering of Latin, a deficiency that was to be a hindrance throughout his active life. At sixteen he was apprenticed in the studio of Andrea del Verrochio in Florence, where he received a training not only in art but in a wide variety of crafts and technical arts.
    In 1482 Leonardo went to Milan, where he sought and obtained employment with Ludovico Sforza, later Duke of Milan, partly to sculpt a massive equestrian statue of Ludovico but the work never progressed beyond the full-scale model stage. He did, however, complete the painting which became known as the Virgin of the Rocks and in 1497 his greatest artistic achievement, The Last Supper, commissioned jointly by Ludovico and the friars of Santa Maria della Grazie and painted on the wall of the monastery's refectory. Leonardo was responsible for the court pageants and also devised a system of irrigation to supply water to the plains of Lombardy. In 1499 the French army entered Milan and deposed Leonardo's employer. Leonardo departed and, after a brief visit to Mantua, returned to Florence, where for a time he was employed as architect and engineer to Cesare Borgia, Duke of Romagna. Around 1504 he completed another celebrated work, the Mona Lisa.
    In 1506 Leonardo began his second sojourn in Milan, this time in the service of King Louis XII of France, who appointed him "painter and engineer". In 1513 Leonardo left for Rome in the company of his pupil Francesco Melzi, but his time there was unproductive and he found himself out of touch with the younger artists active there, Michelangelo above all. In 1516 he accepted with relief an invitation from King François I of France to reside at the small château of St Cloux in the royal domain of Amboise. With the pension granted by François, Leonardo lived out his remaining years in tranquility at St Cloux.
    Leonardo's career can hardly be regarded as a success or worthy of such a towering genius. For centuries he was known only for the handful of artistic works that he managed to complete and have survived more or less intact. His main activity remained hidden until the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, during which the contents of his notebooks were gradually revealed. It became evident that Leonardo was one of the greatest scientific investigators and inventors in the history of civilization. Throughout his working life he extended a searching curiosity over an extraordinarily wide range of subjects. The notes show careful investigation of questions of mechanical and civil engineering, such as power transmission by means of pulleys and also a form of chain belting. The notebooks record many devices, such as machines for grinding and polishing lenses, a lathe operated by treadle-crank, a rolling mill with conical rollers and a spinning machine with pinion and yard divider. Leonardo made an exhaustive study of the flight of birds, with a view to designing a flying machine, which obsessed him for many years.
    Leonardo recorded his observations and conclusions, together with many ingenious inventions, on thousands of pages of manuscript notes, sketches and drawings. There are occasional indications that he had in mind the publication of portions of the notes in a coherent form, but he never diverted his energy into putting them in order; instead, he went on making notes. As a result, Leonardo's impact on the development of science and technology was virtually nil. Even if his notebooks had been copied and circulated, there were daunting impediments to their understanding. Leonardo was left-handed and wrote in mirror-writing: that is, in reverse from right to left. He also used his own abbreviations and no punctuation.
    At his death Leonardo bequeathed his entire output of notes to his friend and companion Francesco Melzi, who kept them safe until his own death in 1570. Melzi left the collection in turn to his son Orazio, whose lack of interest in the arts and sciences resulted in a sad period of dispersal which endangered their survival, but in 1636 the bulk of them, in thirteen volumes, were assembled and donated to the Ambrosian Library in Milan. These include a large volume of notes and drawings compiled from the various portions of the notebooks and is now known as the Codex Atlanticus. There they stayed, forgotten and ignored, until 1796, when Napoleon's marauding army overran Italy and art and literary works, including the thirteen volumes of Leonardo's notebooks, were pillaged and taken to Paris. After the war in 1815, the French government agreed to return them but only the Codex Atlanticus found its way back to Milan; the rest remained in Paris. The appendix to one notebook, dealing with the flight of birds, was later regarded as of sufficient importance to stand on its own. Four small collections reached Britain at various times during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; of these, the volume in the Royal Collection at Windsor Castle is notable for its magnificent series of anatomical drawings. Other collections include the Codex Leicester and Codex Arundel in the British Museum in London, and the Madrid Codices in Spain.
    Towards the end of the nineteenth century, Leonardo's true stature as scientist, engineer and inventor began to emerge, particularly with the publication of transcriptions and translations of his notebooks. The volumes in Paris appeared in 1881–97 and the Codex Atlanticus was published in Milan between 1894 and 1904.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    "Premier peintre, architecte et mécanicien du Roi" to King François I of France, 1516.
    Further Reading
    E.MacCurdy, 1939, The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci, 2 vols, London; 2nd edn, 1956, London (the most extensive selection of the notes, with an English translation).
    G.Vasari (trans. G.Bull), 1965, Lives of the Artists, London: Penguin, pp. 255–271.
    C.Gibbs-Smith, 1978, The Inventions of Leonardo da Vinci, Oxford: Phaidon. L.H.Heydenreich, Dibner and L. Reti, 1981, Leonardo the Inventor, London: Hutchinson.
    I.B.Hart, 1961, The World of Leonardo da Vinci, London: Macdonald.
    LRD / IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Leonardo da Vinci

  • 18 Levers (Leavers), John

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    fl. 1812–21 England
    d. after 1821 Rouen, France
    [br]
    English improver of lace-making machines that formed the basis for many later developments.
    [br]
    John Heathcote had shown that it was possible to make lace by machine with his patents of 1808 and 1809. His machines were developed and improved by John Levers. Levers was originally a hosiery frame-smith and setter-up at Sutton-in-Ashfield but moved to Nottingham, where he extended his operations to the construction of point-net and warp-lace machinery. In the years 1812 and 1813 he more or less isolated himself in the garret of a house in Derby Road, where he assembled his lacemaking machine by himself. He was helped by two brothers and a nephew who made parts, but they saw it only when it was completed. Financial help for making production machines came from the firm of John Stevenson \& Skipwith, lace manufacturers in Nottingham. Levers never sought a patent, as he was under the mistaken impression that additions or improvements to an existing patented machine could not be protected. An early example of the machine survives at the Castle Museum in Nottingham. Although his prospects must have seemed good, for some reason Levers dissolved his partnership with Stevenson \& Co. and continued to work on improving his machine. In 1817 he altered it from the horizontal to the upright position, building many of the machines each year. He was a friendly, kind-hearted man, but he seems to have been unable to apply himself to his business, preferring the company of musicians—he was a bandmaster of the local militia—and was soon frequently without money, even to buy food for his family. He emigrated in 1821 to Rouen, France, where he set up his lace machines and where he subsequently died; when or in what circumstances is unknown. His machine continued to be improved and was adapted to work with the Jacquard mechanism to select the pattern.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    W.Felkin, 1967, History of the Machine-wrought Hosiery and Lace Manufactures, reprint, Newton Abbot (orig. pub. 1867) (the main account of the Levers machine).
    W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (a brief account of the Levers lace machine).
    D.M.Smith, 1965, Industrial Archaeology of the East Midlands, Dawlish (includes an illustration of Levers's machine).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Levers (Leavers), John

  • 19 Porter, Charles Talbot

    [br]
    b. 18 January 1826 Auburn, New York, USA
    d. 1910 USA
    [br]
    American inventor of a stone dressing machine, an improved centrifugal governor and a high-speed steam engine.
    [br]
    Porter graduated from Hamilton College, New York, in 1845, read law in his father's office, and in the autumn of 1847 was admitted to the Bar. He practised for six or seven years in Rochester, New York, and then in New York City. He was drawn into engineering when aged about 30, first through a client who claimed to have invented a revolutionary type of engine and offered Porter the rights to it as payment of a debt. Having lent more money, Porter saw neither the man nor the engine again. Porter followed this with a similar experience over a patent for a stone dressing machine, except this time the machine was built. It proved to be a failure, but Porter set about redesigning it and found that it was vastly improved when it ran faster. His improved machine went into production. It was while trying to get the steam engine that drove the stone dressing machine to run more smoothly that he made a discovery that formed the basis for his subsequent work.
    Porter took the ordinary Watt centrifugal governor and increased the speed by a factor of about ten; although he had to reduce the size of the weights, he gained a motion that was powerful. To make the device sufficiently responsive at the right speed, he balanced the centrifugal forces by a counterweight. This prevented the weights flying outwards until the optimum speed was reached, so that the steam valves remained fully open until that point and then the weights reacted more quickly to variations in speed. He took out a patent in 1858, and its importance was quickly recognized. At first he manufactured and sold the governors himself in a specially equipped factory, because this was the only way he felt he could get sufficient accuracy to ensure a perfect action. For marine use, the counterweight was replaced by a spring.
    Higher speed had brought the advantage of smoother running and so he thought that the same principles could be applied to the steam engine itself, but it was to take extensive design modifications over several years before his vision was realized. In the winter of 1860–1, J.F. Allen met Porter and sketched out his idea of a new type of steam inlet valve. Porter saw the potential of this for his high-speed engine and Allen took out patents for it in 1862. The valves were driven by a new valve gear designed by Pius Fink. Porter decided to display his engine at the International Exhibition in London in 1862, but it had to be assembled on site because the parts were finished in America only just in time to be shipped to meet the deadline. Running at 150 rpm, the engine caused a sensation, but as it was non-condensing there were few orders. Porter added condensing apparatus and, after the failure of Ormerod Grierson \& Co., entered into an agreement with Joseph Whitworth to build the engines. Four were exhibited at the 1867 Paris Exposition Universelle, but Whitworth and Porter fell out and in 1868 Porter returned to America.
    Porter established another factory to build his engine in America, but he ran into all sorts of difficulties, both mechanical and financial. Some engines were built, and serious production was started c. 1874, but again there were further problems and Porter had to leave his firm. High-speed engines based on his designs continued to be made until after 1907 by the Southwark Foundry and Machine Company, Philadelphia, so Porter's ideas were proved viable and led to many other high-speed designs.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1908, Engineering Reminiscences, New York: J. Wiley \& Sons; reprinted 1985, Bradley, Ill.: Lindsay (autobiography; the main source of information about his life).
    Further Reading
    R.L.Hills, 1989, Power from Steam. A History of the Stationary Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (examines his governor and steam engine).
    O.Mayr, 1974, "Yankee practice and engineering theory; Charles T.Porter and the dynamics of the high-speed engine", Technology and Culture 16 (4) (examines his governor and steam engine).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Porter, Charles Talbot

  • 20 Roe, Sir Edwin Alliott Verdon

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 26 April 1877 Manchester, England
    d. 4 January 1958 London, England
    [br]
    English designer of one of the most successful biplanes of all time, the Avro 504.
    [br]
    A.V.Roe served an apprenticeship at a railway works, studied marine engineering at Kings College London, served at sea as an engineer, and then took a job in the motor-car industry. His hobby was flying: after studying bird-flight, he built several flying models and in 1907 one of these won a prize offered by the Daily Mail. With the prize money he built a full-size aeroplane loosely based on the Flyer of the Wright brothers, with whom he had corresponded. In September, Roe took his biplane to the motorracing circuit at Brooklands, in Surrey, but it made only a few hops and his activities were not welcomed. Roe then moved to Essex, where he assembled his new aeroplane under the arch of a railway bridge. This was a triplane design with the engine at the front (a "tractor"), and during 1909 it made several flights (this triplane is preserved by the Science Museum in London).
    In 1910 Roe and his brother Humphrey founded A.V.Roe \& Co. in Manchester, they described it the "Aviator's Storehouse". During the next three years Roe designed and built aeroplanes in Manchester, then transported them to Brooklands to fly (the authorities now made him more welcome). One of the most significant of these was his Type D tractor biplane of 1911, which led to the Avro 504 two-seater trainer of 1913. This was one of the most successful trainers of all time, as around 10,000 were built. In November 1914 a flight of Avro 504s carried out the first-ever bombing raid when they attacked German airship sheds as Friedrichshafen. A.V.Roe produced the first aeroplanes with enclosed cabins during 1912: the Type F monoplane and Type G biplane. After the war, his Avian was used for several record-breaking flights. In 1928 he sold his interest in the company bearing his name and joined forces with Saunders Ltd of Cowes, on the Isle of Wight, to found Saunders-Roe Ltd. "Saro" produced a series of flying boats, from the four-seat Cutty Sark of 1929 to the large, and ill-fated, Princess of 1952.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1929 (in 1933 he incorporated his mother's name to become Sir Alliott VerdonRoe). Honorary Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society 1948.
    Bibliography
    Further Reading
    L.J.Ludovic, 1956, the Challenging Sky.
    A.J.Jackson, 1908, Avro Aircraft since 1908, London (a detailed account).
    JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Roe, Sir Edwin Alliott Verdon

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